Sustainability and India’s ethical edge: Part 1
The roots and framework of sustainability in India
he choices we make today define the world we leave behind. With resources depleting fast and the fallout from unsustainable living becoming more evident, awareness of environmental issues is at an all-time high. Online searches for sustainable goods and ethical fashion have surged by 71% globally in five years, and consumers now expect brands to take responsibility alongside governments. This demand has pushed companies to embrace sustainability and transparency.
Today, sustainability isn’t just a buzzword; it is essential. The world consumes 1.7 times its available resources annually, endangering ecosystems and biodiversity. Supply chains are a major culprit, with eight industries, including fashion and electronics, responsible for over 50% of global emissions. However, decarbonizing these systems by introducing sustainable practices is achievable with minimal cost increases.
India is emerging as a key player in sustainable sourcing, driven by ethical production, recycling, and upcycling innovations. As businesses seek responsible supply chains, India is well-positioned to lead the shift toward sustainability in global sourcing. This series explores how India is not just adapting but setting new benchmarks for responsible manufacturing.
Historical context
In India, sustainability isn’t just a modern movement, it is an ancient way of life. Deeply embedded in its culture, sustainability has always been a cornerstone of Indian society, woven into the very fabric of its ancient practices, philosophies, and daily life. For centuries, Indians have lived in harmony with nature, emphasizing responsible resource use and ecological balance. This connection to the environment is not merely a trend but a continuation of traditions passed down through generations.
As the World Economic Forum’s report “What India Can Teach the World about Sustainability” highlights, one of the most profound examples of sustainability in Indian culture is the yogic principle of aparigraha, which advocates for non-attachment to material possessions and promotes the idea of keeping only what is necessary. This principle reflects a broader cultural ethos where humans and nature coexist in harmony, fostering deep respect for flora and fauna.
While traditional practices laid the groundwork for sustainability, grassroots movements further entrenched this ethos in the national consciousness. The Chipko Movement of the 1970s is a significant chapter in India’s sustainability narrative. This grassroots environmental movement, led predominantly by women, involved villagers hugging trees to prevent them from being cut down, symbolizing a powerful act of resistance against deforestation and advocating for forest conservation.
Also read: Biophilic bliss: Bringing the outdoors in
Another enduring example is the Bishnoi community, known for its long-standing tradition of environmental conservation. This community, hailing from the Rajasthan state, has been practicing environmental conservation for over 500 years. They protect wildlife and trees as an integral part of their religious beliefs, demonstrating that sustainability is deeply ingrained in their cultural and spiritual practices.
As the world seeks sustainable solutions, India’s blend of ancient wisdom and modern innovation positions it not just as a participant but as a leader in global sustainability initiatives.
Ethical production practices in India
Agriculture
India’s agricultural sector is embracing sustainability to tackle environmental challenges and enhance long-term productivity. Key sustainable practices include:
• Organic farming
By avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and opting for natural inputs like compost and green manure, organic farming maintains soil health, reduces pollution, and fosters biodiversity. As of 2021, over 2.8 million hectares in India are dedicated to organic cultivation.
• Agroforestry
Integrating trees and shrubs into farming landscapes, agroforestry enriches biodiversity, improves soil structure, and offers farmers additional income sources. It covers approximately 25 million hectares in India.
• Water conservation techniques
With water scarcity being a major concern, practices such as rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and mulching are essential. These methods conserve water, reduce soil erosion, and enhance crop yields
Manufacturing
The manufacturing sector in India is advancing toward sustainable manufacturing through various measures:
• Reducing carbon footprints
Companies are adopting energy-efficient technologies and processes to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The use of solar and wind energy is becoming increasingly common.
Also read: How are big brands pledging to reduce waste and What makes Qalara a planet-friendly choice
• Circular economy principles
By emphasizing the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of materials, the circular economy approach reduces waste and conserves resources. This includes zero-landfill policies and waste-to-energy projects.
Also read: Understanding circular economy initiatives and Textile recycling case study: India’s production model
• Renewable energy
Many manufacturing units are transitioning to renewable energy sources, which reduces carbon emissions and ensures energy security and cost savings.
Craft sector
India’s craft sector exemplifies sustainability through its use of eco-friendly materials and traditional techniques:
• Natural dyes
While organic fashion became a trend in recent years, artisans in several craft clusters across India have been employing plant-based dyes that are biodegradable and non-toxic for decades now, thereby minimizing environmental impact compared to synthetic alternatives.
• Handloom weaving
Handloom weaving is a cornerstone of India’s textile heritage, producing unique, high-quality fabrics while employing millions. As of 2020, the handloom sector employed over 4.3 million weavers and allied workers. This sector not only contributes to the cultural fabric of India but also supports rural economies and fosters traditional craftsmanship.
Also read: Handweaving in India: A handloom tour
• Upcycling
Craftspeople often repurpose waste materials into new products, contributing to waste reduction and promoting sustainability. Examples include using scrap fabric for patchwork quilts and creating jewelry from discarded materials.
Also read: Rethinking waste: Recycling vs. upcycling or both
Traditional handicrafts
Let’s now take a deep dive into India’s sustainable craftsmanship. India’s rich tradition of sustainable handicrafts reflects its deep cultural heritage and commitment to eco-friendly practices. Here’s a closer look at some of these timeless crafts:
• Block printing
This ancient technique involves using hand-carved wooden blocks to imprint intricate patterns onto fabric. Artisans apply natural dyes derived from plants and minerals to achieve vibrant colors. This method reduces reliance on synthetic dyes, which are harmful to both the environment and the artisans. Traditional block printing is prevalent in the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, where the craft has been passed down through generations.
Also read: Explore the famous handicrafts of Gujarat and Touring India: Crafts from Rajasthan
• Kantha embroidery
Originating in the Indian state of West Bengal, Kantha is a form of embroidery where old saris are repurposed by stitching them together to create quilts, throws, and other items. This craft not only revives and preserves old textiles but also reduces textile waste, making it an eco-friendly practice. The intricate stitches and patterns reflect the rich cultural stories and artistic skills of the artisans.
Also read: The embroidery tour of India
• Dhokra
Practiced by tribal communities in the Indian states of central and eastern India, Dhokra is a metal casting technique using the lost-wax method. Artisans create detailed designs in wax, which are then covered in clay and heated to cast intricate metal objects. Dhokra pieces are valued for their unique aesthetic and use of locally sourced metals. This craft highlights the sustainable use of natural materials and traditional techniques.
• Kutch recycled copper bells
In the Indian state of Gujarat, artisans in the Kutch region craft recycled copper bells from discarded metal. This upcycling process involves melting down old copper items and reforming them into decorative and functional bells. This craft not only reduces waste but also preserves traditional techniques and supports local economies.
• Sambhal’s bone and horn craft
Originating from the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Sambhal’s bone and horn craft involves carving intricate designs into bones and horns. This traditional craft repurposes materials that might otherwise be discarded, turning them into beautiful and functional items such as jewelry, figurines, and decorative objects. The process highlights the sustainable use of natural by-products and supports artisanal skills that have been honed over generations. This refers to harnessing the horns and bones of dead animals and repurposing them. It is important to know that these materials are procured by legal means only once the animals are dead and are, hence, fully eco-friendly.
Also read: A sneak peek into Sambhal’s unique bone & horn craft
These sustainable practices not only preserve India’s cultural heritage but also contribute to environmental conservation and economic development, showcasing how traditional crafts can lead the way in sustainable practices.
India’s sustainability initiatives, policies, and net-zero target
India’s role in the Paris Agreement
India has been a prominent player in the Paris Agreement, showcasing its dedication to global climate action. Key aspects of India’s involvement include:
• Commitments and targets
India submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015, committing to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.
• Leadership in climate negotiations
India has acted as a crucial bridge between developed and developing nations in climate negotiations, emphasizing equity, finance, and sustainable development. India’s commitments are contingent on technology transfer and financial support from developed countries, highlighting the need for global cooperation.
India’s net-zero target
India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced at COP26 in Glasgow that India aims to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. It also aims to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030 and meet 50% of its energy requirements from renewable sources. The country also plans to reduce carbon emissions by 1 billion tons and cut the carbon intensity of its economy by 45% by 2030.
Government policies and commitment to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
India is deeply committed to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to sustainable production and consumption (SDG 12). The Indian government has implemented a range of policies and green initiatives to promote sustainability and address environmental challenges. Key policies and initiatives include:
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
This comprehensive plan includes missions like the National Solar Mission and the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, which aim to advance clean energy technologies and improve energy efficiency.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Mandates that producers manage the disposal of post-consumer products, particularly in the electronics and plastic sectors, to reduce environmental impact.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission)
Launched to enhance sanitation and waste management, this mission focuses on eliminating open defecation and improving solid waste management across India.
• Green Credit Initiative
Encourages voluntary environmental actions by issuing green credits for activities such as tree planting and waste management.
Also read: Rising issues of greenwashing
• GOBARdhan Scheme
This initiative converts organic waste into biogas and other valuable products, promoting effective waste management and renewable energy.
• Waste-to-Wealth Plants
Plans to set up 500 new plants to handle organic waste and generate biogas under the GOBARdhan scheme.
Also read: The causes & dangers of over-production
• Circular Economy Initiatives
Establishes frameworks to recycle and reuse materials, minimizing waste and promoting resource efficiency.
• E-Waste Management Rules
Strengthen regulations to ensure proper disposal and recycling of electronic waste.
India is also aiming to position itself as a global leader in the renewable energy sector. Current Capacity and Growth – As of 2023, India has an installed renewable energy capacity of approximately 176 GW, making it the fourth-largest in the world. Solar energy is a major focus, with a target of 280 GW of solar capacity by 2030. In the financial year 2023-24, India plans to issue 50 GW tenders for wind, solar, and hybrid projects.
Key initiatives in the renewable energy sector include:
• National Solar Mission
Seeks to position India as a global leader in solar energy by developing policies for the widespread deployment of solar technology.
• Green Hydrogen Mission
Aims to produce green hydrogen to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote clean energy.
• Rooftop Solar Programme
Promotes the installation of solar panels on residential and commercial buildings to enhance decentralized renewable energy generation.
• FAME II Scheme
The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme aims to promote EV adoption through subsidies and incentives.
These policies and initiatives reflect India’s commitment to sustainable development, focusing on energy efficiency, waste management, and resource optimization.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR in India)
Indian companies are increasingly integrating sustainability into their business models:
• Renewable energy adoption
Companies like Tata Group and ITC Limited are investing in renewable energy projects, including solar and wind power, to reduce their carbon footprint.
• Waste management
Corporations are implementing comprehensive waste management systems to enhance recycling and reduce waste.
• Sustainable sourcing
Businesses are focusing on responsible sourcing and ethical labor practices to minimize environmental impact.
India’s comprehensive approach to sustainability and its proactive role in the Paris Agreement underscore its commitment to addressing climate change while fostering economic growth and development.
Conclusion
We have explored how India’s sustainability journey is shaped by its rich history, ethical production practices, and ambitious policies in Part 1 of our Sustainability and India’s ethical edge series. These foundational elements set the stage for a more responsible future, but sustainability is also about innovation and progress. Stay with us for Part 2, where we shall dive into India’s cutting-edge recycling and upcycling initiatives, globally recognized certifications, and what lies ahead for sustainability in India. While you wait, do explore the depth of sustainability in India with Qalara—your trusted sourcing partner for eco-friendly, ethically crafted lifestyle and decor products. Stay ahead with responsible sourcing!
~ Written by Utkarsha Rai
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